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Index

Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Know the License --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Getting the License ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Maintaining Your License ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

Vehicle Condition ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Checks Right Before Driving ------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Getting Yourself Ready to Drive --------------------------------------------------------------- 17

Traffic Rules : Signals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

Traffic Rules: Signs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

Abstract

The book is about the driving in the United States. It is inevitable to live without driving a car or a motorcycle for daily commotion to work, office or other daily chores. To be able to drive a vehicle in the United States, you have to hold a license from the specific state of residence. There are several rules and regulations imposed by the government to make it possible that all people residents, non-residents, immigrants and even visitors are able to drive their cars in the state. It is required to submit the necessary documents to be eligible to apply for the driving license. Once your eligibility is confirmed, there is a written knowledge test and a driving test which you have to pass successfully to get your driving license.

The study matter for the knowledge test can be obtained from the respective state driving office or you can download online. The driving test is the final test and we have discussed the base factors required to pass the test.

Once you are issued the driving license, there are several rules and regulations to be followed as per the norms set down by the government to be able to retain your license. Any violation of law will lead to suspension or cancellation of the license. By knowing in detail about these, you can safeguard your well earned license. There are also period renewal procedures to be followed. These measures will ensure that you retain your license.

Once you have the license, you should be well informed about the various risk factors and how to watch out for those. The book will brief you about keeping your car in good condition for the drive and you can know when to take the vehicle to a mechanic. There are also several measures to be followed for the safety of the occupants and also the others on the roads. You should also take care that you physical and mental health are in good condition to ensure safe driving.

There are traffic rules to be followed on the roads. The book will give you a brief introduction to the common signals and signs found on the roads.

Introduction

Each and every driver on the road should be able to ensure safe driving for his safety and the safety of others. The driving manual will contain all the rules, safety measures, traffic signs, signals and perils of dangerous driving methods. The manual will include procedures to apply for driving license, other necessary documentation procedures like a change of details and issues concerning non-resident driving.

The driving manuals are differently published for different states in the US. Here we have created a unified book with all additional information for state-based variations noted where required. It will prove useful for new and experienced drivers. You can also check the change in rules when you move from one state to another.

CHAPTER 1: Know the License

Who can drive a vehicle in the US?

Driving license is issued by the state governments and any person who drives a motor vehicle in the US is required to have the license from the particular state. There are several license offices in each state. Every resident of a state should acquire the license from that particular state.

Resident: A resident is a person who has stayed in the country for more than six months or is registered to vote in the state. New residents are required to get their license within 30-90 days of entry into the respective state. Some states like Washington provides a period of 30 days from becoming a resident while Texas license law gives 90 days time for a new resident to get the State driver license.

Non-resident: A non-resident is an individual who has migrated to the US for a short period or a visitor. Any person who falls under this criteria can drive a vehicle in his particular state if he/she is above 16 years and holds a license for any state in the US. Migrants who hold International Driving permit from their country are also exempted from taking a driving license of the state. The period to drive without state driving license varies according to state rules. The maximum allowed period is mostly one year for students, Short term employees of the registered business, tourists, businessmen, etc.

Exceptions to State Driving License requirement: Specific state driving licenses are not required for members of armed forces of US, a foreign military person who is in the US in collaboration with the Armed Forces and also their family. Individuals who drive only tractors or machines on the road in a temporary manner are also exempted from holding a state license.

Who cannot obtain a driving license in the US?

There are some restrictions on getting a driving license.

Individual below 16 years.
The driving license is suspended by law.
People suffering from mental illnesses or certain physical disabilities which determine them unfit to be driving a motor vehicle.
Inability to pass the driving license test.
An extreme drug addict or a drunkard may be decided by law to be prevented from driving the car.
Some states require people of below 19 years to hold graduation certificate or other valid documents.

What are the kinds of driver license?

Different states have different names to refer to driver licenses, but the basic structure can be defined as below.

Learner License: The age limit is mostly between 15 and 18. It is also known as instruction permit, and it requires that a proper license holder accompanies the learner. This person who attends should have good driving experience, should be above 21 years and should occupy the seat beside the driver seat. It is also required that license holder should be in his most vigilant state and should not be intoxicated or drunken. To attain this license, it is required to have done the driver education course and the connected exam. For people who are above 18 years, the Class C license is issued which is similar to the Learner License and can be used for 6 years or till the person attains the basic license.

Intermediate or Graduate Driver License: This is for those driving enthusiasts who are below 18 years of age. Different states have slight changes in the rules governing this driving license type. The main reason for introducing this license was to provide minimal driving experience with proper restrictions, and this helps to avoid the various accidents that are caused mainly by teenagers. The applicant will have to undergo written and driving test to obtain the license.

Basic Driving License: This is the regular driving license issued to a person above 18 years of age after passing the concerned exams. The validity is mostly six years even though there are slight variations in some states of the US. This is further divided into Class A, B, C and M depending upon the permission issues over the vehicles that can be driven by the person.

Motorcycle License: the Class M license is the permission to drive the motorcycle. The age limit is mostly 16 but varies based on further classification.

Commercial Learner Permit and Driver License: To drive commercial vehicles, the individual should first pass the learner test and then attain the license through the final test.

Chapter 2: Getting the License

There are several drivers licensing offices in each state of the United States. The application can be placed in these offices, or the form can be downloaded online from the respective state government website. While applying from the office, the applicant can apply for the voter application also alongside.

Documents required for License Application

While applying for license either online or at the office, it is necessary to present the below documents for verification

Primary identification

The following documents can be used to verify US citizenship:

Birth Certificate for proof of birth in the US or territories and District of Columbia supplied by the government.
US Passport
Certifications of Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization

Primary identification documents to be produced by immigrants are

Green Card or Permanent Resident Card
Passport with US Visa stamp and other required stamps.
Immigration Judge Order
Document with A-number proving that the person has been granted asylum in the US. This also applies to refugees.

For Canadian citizens, they have to produce the below documents:

Canadian passport
Canadian Birth Certificate
Canadian certificate of citizenship
Naturalization Certificate

The documents to be produced by non-immigrants are:

Government issued employment authorization card
Certificate of non-immigrant from US Customs and Border Protection with specific documents depending on the classification.
Passport with US Visa
Employer or student card

The documents are verified by the Motor Vehicles Department of the respective state, and the legal clauses are checked. The identity of the person, once verified, the identification card or driving license will be processed.

2. Secondary Identification

Social security number and some other documents are required for secondary verification.

The documents requested in the second stage are

Social security card

Paycheck

Military ID

W-2 Form

1099 Form

The name in the documents should be the same. If any issues, it should be verified and cleared before applying for the license.

3. Proof of address

Two papers are required as a proof of residential address. Any two from the below can be produced for that purpose.

Lease, rent, deed or mortgage agreement.
State Voter Card
Vehicle registration document
Selective Service Card
Health Card with address
Insurance policy
Document from educational institution
Documentation for shelter address
Bank account Statement/Utility bills with address

After the documents are submitted, the next step is to subject to tests and verifications to prove that you are fit to drive the vehicle without any problems.

Vision test and Medical Screening

The individual has to undergo a vision test to become eligible to gain a driving license. If the test results express the need for a corrective lens, this will be mentioned on the license. The test also checks for mental of physical issues that can cause obstruction in driving safely.

Driving knowledge test

This is to ensure that the individual has proper knowledge about the various driving practices, signs, signals and laws governing driving in the state. Booklets and driving schools provide appropriate education classes to impact this experience to prepare you to attend the test. The test is conducted on a computer at one of the driving schools in your state or at the driver licensing office. The test detailing differs between the states but mostly it is multiple choice questions, and there is a minimum pass mark. If you do not pass the exam, you can reattempt. After three failed attempts, you will have to reapply with new application and fee. Some states also have different knowledge exams for different classes of driving.

Driving test

For a person to attain the driving license, it is required that he proves his proficiency in safe driving on the roads. The exam can be given at the driving license office or at the third-party skills testing school (TPST). The TPST schools are not implemented in all states, you can check with the driving office for the same. The TPST can conduct driving test except for non-commercial driving license. Driving test if not required for a learner license.

The examiner will ride along with the applicant and check the driving skills bases on various parameters. The examiner will not ask the person to do anything illegal. Try not to engage in conversation during the ride which may distract your driving. Make sure you have a person with proper valid license drive you to the test spot and even take you back.

The parameters checked during the driving test are:

Absolute control over the vehicle and proper maneuvering skills.
Keeping an eye for traffic and preventing from creating a traffic issue.
Driving in lane
A Proper response to traffic signals and giving turn signals when required.

Some particular skill tests may be provided to check the following like

Manual parallel parking skill.
Quick stop when instructed without skidding the tires.
Taking reverse in a straight line without the use of an automatic backing system. You may use the backup camera.
Response to signals
Appropriate use of the clutch.
Slowing down and observing at intersections.
Taking proper turns
Good posture.
Safe driving adhering to the rules.

The driving test can be attempted only after passing the knowledge test. Make an appointment with the driving school or department after passing the knowledge test. Make sure to appear before time and well prepared with a vehicle in perfect driving condition, insurance documentation, and other necessities.

To pass in the driving test

You should drive as per the driving rules.
Follow the instructions of the examiner keenly.
Drive smoothly. Rash driving will have your license request rejected right away.
Score high points in the various parameters.

Most of the Driving Offices will issue a temporary driving license which is valid for 45 to 90 days till you receive the original and new license on mail.

Chapter 3: Maintaining Your License

It is required to keep the license in order to retain your privilege of driving the vehicle. All the details in the driving license should also be accurate at all times. In a case of loss of license or change in address, it should be notified, and necessary changes made as soon as possible. Your license is valid only for a defined period of time, and the individual has to renew the license after the time period. You may also face the risk of having your license suspended or even canceled. Know more about these in this chapter.

Replacement of License

In any case of loss or damage to the driving license, it has to be notified to the state driving office and application for a replacement has to be submitted along with documents necessary for identification. You can find the paper details at the state motor vehicle department or from the respective driving office.

Change of Name or Address

In case of a legal change of name or address, the office has to be informed within 30 days of time. Some state laws have reduced the time to even 10 days. Sometimes, if the license is near to expiry, the officials might even recommend for renewal. For a change of name, there is no provision to do it online and should be presented in-person. Proper legal documents for the proof of name change should also be submitted along with the application. Change of address can be applied online or in office. Some states also offer mail-in service for change of address along with the fee for processing the same. The fee for license details changing is mostly $10 and $15 in the states.

Renewing the License

Most states offer about six years validity for the license. The driving office will also send notification about a month or two prior to the expiry of the permit. The individual can request for renewal about one year before the expiry date. The renewal notice will also give information about online or phone renewal and if the person is eligible for the same. Sometimes the request will be sent to appear in-person for the renovation. The eligibility can also be checked online. This is because the vision test, photograph, and signature have to be renewed periodically mostly in a 12 year time. The state driving laws also prevent certain people like legal offenders, non-US citizens, older people, people suffering from medical conditions, etc. to make the renewal request online.

Suspension and Release of License

Being able to drive a vehicle is a privilege provided to those whom the government deem to be eligible. In case of any abuse, the government has the right to revoke or suspend the license.

Mandatory Suspension: The reinstatement of the license curbed under mandatory suspension will require you to pay a fee of $100. The reasons for suspensions are mostly

drug or alcohol usage,
murder under intoxication
failure to help a needy
involuntary accident
overtaking school bus
driving with an invalid license
possessing illegal license
lending of license
holding more than one license card
false license application documents
graffiti
race driving vehicle on public road
convicted of fraud activities or any other repeated violation of traffic rules.

Administrative License Revocation: A penalty of $125 has to be paid by an individual above 21 years in a case of intoxicated driving under alcohol or drug influence.

Cancellation of Driver License

The government may find it wise to cancel a driving license under certain situations like

Issues with driving office in another state
Parental support withdrawn for minors
Wrong documents or inability to provide documents for license ID.
Criminal records
Mental illness or constantly intoxicated state.
Found to be a sex offender

How to Save Your License

Safe driving is the key to keeping your driving license. Make sure that you follow the below steps to prevent cancellation of license

Prevent drunk or intoxicated driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Succumb to blow or blood test when requested by the police officer.
Provide true information in the license application.
Keep yourself insured as the driving license of an uninsured driver can be canceled in case of a collision.
If a re-test is required, attend it in time.
Do not perform any criminal activity especially with the motor vehicle like an accident.
Never offend traffic rules. Too many offenses can have your license withdrawn.
Rash and reckless driving
Racing or homicide with the card on roads.
Repeated cases of leaving without paying for the petrol.
Never try to misuse the license as it is a privilege.

Failure to appear in the event of a charge

When there is a traffic charge made over a person, the ticket will also give information about the next actions to be done. The instructions have to be fulfilled in the 15 days time, request for time extension up to 45 days will also be provided. Inability to comply within this period will lead to cancellation of the license and ends up in arresting the individual. The legal desk can also decide not to issue a license till the case is resolved. There are also reissuing fee imposed over FTA charges in some states.

Chapter 4: Getting Ready to Drive – Vehicle Condition

Millions of people use the roadways around the United States, and it is the responsibility of each and every individual to take care while driving and even before driving. Simple matters like seat adjustments, mirror view, securing seat belt, etc. can play a great role in safe driving

Understanding the need to Drive Safely

The risks involved in driving are created by the driver, the vehicle or the roads. It just means that the risk is always there, and the only ways to reduce it is to drive safely.

The first and foremost step to decrease the risk is to keep the vehicle in good driving condition. Driving safely and proper safety measures while driving are also necessary elements. Taking a look at the accidents that occurred in the last few years, the main reasons can be laid down as

Physical or mentally challenged driver
Run-off-road collision
High speed driving
Teen drivers
Distracted driving
Not following rules at intersections

Not that a single factor was involved, it usually had two or more factors working together to increase the fatality of the crash. Mostly it is the young people aged between 16 and 15 who are involved in collisions. This is because of the reckless driving style along with distractions. Youth is the time to cherish and live life and not to speed behind the wheel. Following the rules and regulations accordingly, can save you from crashes.

Vehicle Insurance

Every vehicle in the United States should compulsorily have insurance. Only the government vehicles are exempt from this. The insurance covers for the injuries, death, and loss of property. Always carry the insurance documents or its copy in the vehicle. Sometimes you might be stopped by a law officer to check the records and it is required to present the insurance papers.

Keeping Check over Vehicle

It is the responsibility of the driver to maintain a check on the vehicle before driving. In case the vehicle is not in good working condition, the higher will be the risk of taking it to the road. It will be risky for both the occupants of the vehicle and also for the others. Only if your vehicle is in good working condition, will you be able to steer your way out of danger.

Read Vehicle Manual

Take your time to read the manual provided by the manufacturer. It will be able to provide information like the fluids and its levels required for the functioning of the car, dashboard signs and lights, car servicing details and more about car operatives.

Checks on Vehicle to Prevent Trouble

Brake: Brakes are the emergency handle of the vehicle. Only the brakes can stop your vehicle. Keep a close watch over the brakes. Some signs of issues with the braking system can be noise on braking, smell, or loose brake pedals. Take the car to a mechanic in case of any doubts.

Lights: The automobiles have several different lights which serve their specific purposes like brake light, signals, headlamps and tail lights. You should be able to know when any of them is not working by checking them from outside the car. They work like warning signals to let the people on the road know that you are braking or turning. In its absence, the risk of an accident is very high.

If the headlights are not working or causing issues while driving at night, have it taken to the mechanic. The problem could be a misalignment which may be interfering with the ability to see the road clearly and also affects the other drivers.

Windows and wipers: Keep the windows and windshields in perfect condition. In any case, never drive a vehicle with shattered window or windshield. Wipers keep rain and snow off the glass. Newly released vehicles even have wipers for the rear windows and headlights to make driving easier in adverse weather conditions. If the blade of the wiper is not properly aligned, it can leave water on the glass which will cause discomfort and obstruction while driving.

Tires: Tires are the base foundation of the vehicle. Only a well-inflated tire can quickly respond to breaking.Check the tire pressure in the user manual. Check the tire pressure at intervals. A bald or worn out tire will have an increased stopping distance and will make driving troublesome on wet surfaces. It will increase the friction and thus reduce the mileage of the vehicle. Issues with tire can be noticed with unusual bounciness, increase brake distance or shaky wheels.

Make sure to check the tread and you can use the penny trick to know if it is in the defined thread limit as per rules. If the thread is not per the limit, have the tire replaced.

Steering: The steering keeps you on the track and helps to maneuver your vehicle in the right direction. If you experience difficulty in turning, take to a mechanic immediately as it is unsafe to be driving with a stiff steering.

Exhaust System: The gases produced in the engine are flushed to the rear of the vehicle by the exhaust system. If the system is leaky, it can get to the interior of the vehicle and even lead to death. Slightly open the windows when you are seated in a vehicle with the engine running. Issues with exhaust system are difficult to find and therefore make sure you have the system checked during periodic services.

Engine: Keep your engine oiled and in good working condition to ensure that you do not get stalled with a severe engine problem in the midst of a traffic. Your vehicle will have issues with starting instantly while in a traffic and that’s the simple sign of a problem with the engine. A bad engine will also give you poor economy value.

Horn: Never use a screaming horn that will be a nuisance to people. Adhere to horn rules and make sure it is working so that you can send out a warning note when required.

Objects in the vehicle: Children have a tendency to take toys and bottles with them in the car. Before driving make sure to check the interior of the car for any loose objects. Drop luggage into the vehicle trunk. Make sure that you do not have rolling objects which are likely to come under the pedal on breaking as the perils of it can be gruesome.

Chapter 5: Checks Right Before Driving

Maintaining the overall condition of the vehicle by the driver has been dealt with in the previous section. In this chapter you will know the checklist of things that you have to note before taking the car out for the drive.

Securing the Load

Fastening the load might seem like a simple matter but, we have put it on the top of checklist before the drive due to the importance of the matter. It is dealt with strictly by law whereby a high fine and jail term is imposed on any person found to have neglected securing the load and consequently causing a crash. The weight should be checked so that nothing slides, falls, or is released to the air. There are some measures to be taken while securing the load

Never overload
Fasten to the vehicle
Use rope or straps
Use a sturdy tarp over the whole load.
If transporting animals, secure them too in place.
Make sure that it wouldn't fall even on a sudden brake.
Do not leave clothes or sheets loosely hanging

In case you see a vehicle with improperly secured loads, call the traffic department and try to keep a far distance.

Keep the Glasses Clean

You see the road ahead and behind through the glasses. To have a safe and comfortable driving experience, it is necessary to keep the glass clean. Here are some tips to help you in the same

Always keep a class cleaner with paper or towel in your vehicle to clean windshield if required.
Maintain the window washer full before going on a long drive. Use antifreeze washer in cold temperatures.
Avoid smoking with closed glasses as it creates a film on the interior of the glass.
Clear all the glasses clean before driving especially in cold climates.
Never stick decals or hang things in front of the mirror as it can obstruct the view.
Keep the lights clean and change it in a case of damage. The light output will reduce in the event of a dirty light lens.

Seating and Mirror Adjustments

Once your seat yourself in the driver seat, the first thing is to adjust the mirror and the seat comfortably.

Check if you have a good visibility of the road ahead. Adjust the position accordingly. In case you are of a short body, you can use a seat cushion. Some people make the mistake of pushing the seat right towards the steering and thus making it difficult to use the steering. Do not do this. Distance the seat at the right length from the steering wheel.
Try touching the feet below the brake pedal. This is the right height required.
Do not overcrowd the vehicle. Check if you can view through the mirror and can control the vehicle comfortably.
Adjust the rear view mirror so that you can see out through the back mirror.
There is a trick to set the side mirror. Lean a little forward and look in the mirror, if you can see a small portion of your vehicle, then you will be able to see the traffic behind easily.
Set the mirror to the time of the day if you are using a day/night mirror.
Adjust the head restraints to settle right behind your head.

Safety Gears

It is illegal to drive without fastening the seat belts or child restraints. The seat belts are for your own safety and government has put in strict laws so that the individuals are prevented from being thrown out the vehicle in case of a collision. Buckling up properly can ensure that you are held in place in the vehicle. Even if you are on a short trip probably to the shop in the next street, make sure you wear the seat belt, buckled up children in child restraints and if required use the booster seats. Check if the vehicle door is locked and child lock activated if you have kids in the car. By locking the door, you can prevent the door opening up on a swerve or a sudden break.

It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure the safety of every person in the car especially children. Check the seat belts of children before starting it. Fine and citation will be proceeded over the driver for anyone under 16 years who is not wearing the seat belt. For older people, the individual itself will be responsible for the fine.

People sometimes take air bags to be a replacement for seat belts. Only if you are in the exact position in the car will the deployment of the air bag direct towards you. Without the seat belt fastened, the person will likely sway away from his location and the air bag will not be able to save him.

How to Wear the Seat Belt Correctly

Most seat belts come in two parts either separated or together. Both are essential to staying in place.

The shoulder belt should pass through the chest and away from the neck.
The lap belt should go across the hip right under the stomach.
Do not put the shoulder belt in your back.

Child Safety Restraint

According to reports, most of the car crashes have had children between 1 and 12 as the victims. To prevent this, use child safety seats. There are several child safety seats available according to the age of the child. Ensure to latch in the position as some people due to laziness, just place it on the seat without locking it in. This can be more dangerous. There are laws to check for child safety in cars

Children below 13 years of age should not sit in the front seat.
Child safety restraint should be used for the child till he is 8 years old or till he attains a height of 4'9".
The best child restraints are rear facing car set or a forward facing one. They come with a harness and holds the baby in place without pushing the child out.
The booster seat can be used for older children.

Chapter 6: Getting Yourself Ready to Drive

The control of a car is not a trivial matter, but it is a great responsibility. It requires total concentration. Your eyes should be able to scan the road, hands should be on the wheels controlling it, and the mind should be vigilant to take quick action. It is therefore required to have a good physical and mental condition.

Maintain Optimal Physical Health

Proper eyesight, hearing capacity and overall good health is necessary for a person to be able to concentrate on driving. If you have a vision problem, have it checked and corrected with a lens, spectacle or surgery. Never drive while you are sick. If you are on a sedative or other medication, check with your doctor if it will affect your driving capacity especially on a long drive.

Sleepy Driving

Being a drowsy state while driving can be as dangerous as intoxicated driving. Your mind is fatigued and tired and won't be able to keep vigil.

Sometimes you will have to react quickly to a person who suddenly comes in front of the vehicle. It is, therefore, essential to have a quick response time. In the sleepy state, the reaction time will be slow.

You may not be able to see clearly to make judgments.
Your average abilities will be impaired with a sleeping brain system.
There is a high risk of falling asleep or napping off.

There is a huge number of accidents reported in the United States which has been attributed to sleep driving. Never drive during those times of the day or night when you would usually be sleeping. The body has a tendency to fall asleep at that point due to habit. Make sure that you have a good sleep and is cleared of all tiredness before a long drive. While on long trips, take breaks in between. And the most important note is that, in case you feel that you are feeling sleepy, park the vehicle in a safe place and take a quick nap.

Control Over Emotions

When you are crying, depressed, angry or thoughtful, you will not be able to concentrate on driving. You will not be in your conscious state as your thoughts will be far away delving in the emotion. If you feel that your mind is going astray in your feelings, stop the vehicle, calm down and concentrate before continuing the drive.

Road Rage

It can be explained as a mental situation where the driver is too angry. The reason can be numerous, but you can spot out road rage by simple signs like

Sudden movements
Keeping close distance.
Sounding the horn unnecessarily
Calling bad words or threats
Crashing into vehicle
Using weapon or throwing objects

If you come across such a driver, slow down your car and let the person pass without over reacting and responding back in the same manner. After maintaining a safe distance, park in a safe place and inform the police of the vehicle registration number.

Distractions while Driving

Before you begin driving on the roads, it is extremely necessary to know what you should not do while driving. Several distractions can come in the way of a good driving experience, and it can cause harm to even the pedestrians and other people on the roads.

There are three kinds of distractions. They are

Visual distraction which will divert your eyes away from the road
Manual distraction that will take your hands from the steering control.
Cognitive distraction caused by displacement of concentration away from driving.

Texting and Driving

Almost all states of United States have strict laws imposed over texting while driving and even using a phone while driving. If the law enforcement officer catches you holding the phone in hand or speaking through it, you will be liable to pay huge fines. The law strictly prevents talking or texting on the phone while driving. It even prevents teenagers from using wireless devices while driving. The rules also define that the phone has to be put away while driving so that there is no temptation to pick it up. Even a split second that you look away at the phone would be enough to cause an accident. Tickets can be escaped in the case of extreme emergencies, even though it is best recommended to find a safe spot before picking up a call of urgency.

Other common Distractions

Concentrating or an object or person other than the road in your driving area.
Reaching out to take an object in the car while driving.
Pets left loose.
Eat and drink while driving.
Lighting cigarette
Restless children without a seat belt.

Drunk Driving

Even a single glass of alcohol would be more than enough to end your life in a crash. Due to the harsh effects of drink driving, strict laws are imposed to prevent this. The fine amount is rather big and is topped with the suspension of license and sometimes even jail sentence.

When you drink alcohol, it passes through the stomach into the blood stream and instantly hits the brain. It impairs the brain and reduces the judging capacity of the person when consumed even in minuscule quantity. The effects of alcohol are

Slows reaction time.
Impairs vision.
Affects alertness.
The judgment ability of speed, distance, etc. will be affected.
It weakens your body affecting your control over the vehicle.

If you are going to a party or have to drink, make sure you have a driver. If you hadn't hired a driver and got drunk, catch a taxi to take you home.

Drugs and Driving

There are legal and illegal drugs that can affect driving. The simple examples are the over-the-counter medications available for fever, cold, cough, etc. They influence the nervous system and make you drowsy. Some energy and diet pills also show a similar effect for a short while. Do not drive soon after instead take a break after having medicine. Illegal drugs like marijuana cause intoxication and driving on drugs are offensive and active rules are imposed over using these toxic drugs.

Chapter 7: Traffic Rules-Signals

Traffic rules govern how and when you should drive in the area at that time. These rules ensure safe movement of vehicles. They can be broadly divided into traffic controls, right-of-way and parking rules.

Traffic Signals

Traffic signals are taught to children from their very young age. They tell the people on the road when to stop or go. Red means stop, and yellow means keep vigil and green means a 'go' signal.

Traffic light assembly is usually seen at intersecting roads. Some places, you can also see single light signals. If you find that the traffic signal is not working, it is advised to stop moving till the traffic signal is resumed or a law enforcement officer reaches the place.

Steady Green Light

Green is the sign to continue, but you should check if the intersection is safe to cross. Give way for emergency vehicles. If you have your car stopped, and the light turns green, wait for the intersection to be cleared of moving traffic before proceeding ahead. If you are turning left, check for any prohibitions and allow the moving vehicles to turn before making your turn. If you are approaching the signal, go slow at the intersection so that you can stop If the color changes.

Steady Yellow Light

Yellow is a warning that the color will soon change to red. If you are just approaching the intersection, stop the vehicle. If you already crossed the intersection when it became yellow, then move on.Getting on the intersection when the light turns red is a major trouble, and there are yellow lights to prevent any mishaps.

Steady Red Light

Stop the vehicle behind the line when you see the red light. The Stop line can be seen at the intersection, so if you are in the front row of the vehicle, halt right at the stop line as some traffic signals change to green only when a car is sensed at the stop line. You can turn left or right after checking for any restrictions, looking out for pedestrians and follow right-of-way rules for pedestrians and moving traffic. If you run a red light, you will find yourself in deep trouble by means of law and also the risk of collision is too high.

Red Arrow

As red means, a 'no' a red arrow implies that you should not move in the direction shown by the arrow. The red arrow will change to a green arrow, and then you can go in the direction. After coming to a stop, you can turn right if there are no restrictive signs preventing turning right. You can even turn left into a one way left the road. Maintain the rule of right-of-way.

Yellow Arrow

You can turn left now but check on the other moving traffic too.

Green Arrow

You can make your move in the direction of the arrow. The intersection in the direction will be cleared with the green arrow light. But keep a watch for pedestrians and give way if they are half way into the lane.

Flashing Red Signal

It is more or less same as a stop signal and is mostly found singularly on the road. You can stop, take a look and then keep moving if you feel there is no danger.

Flashing Yellow Light

It’s a warning signal to processed but carefully. It is used to warn of school crossing or other places of change like slope or curve.

Lane Signals

They are used to let the driver know the direction of the lane during that time. A red X sign means you are not allowed to enter the lane in that direction. A yellow X means that the path signal will soon change to red. And green arrow sign means you can move in the lane.

Chapter 8: Traffic Rules- Signs

Traffic signs are numerous and to inform of restrictions, your location, where you are heading to etc. The shape and color have different meanings.

Traffic Signal Colors

Red: Warning signal preventing a person to enter.

Orange: used mostly for Construction warnings.

Yellow: Warning advice of something that lays ahead so that the driver becomes prepared.

Yellowish Green: Used to denotes areas of high activity like school, hospital etc.

White with Black Font: Inform of any restriction or rules.

Green: general directional information.

Brown: Used in places of historical importance.

The shape of the signal also varies great. There are usually 9 different shapes used for road safety. The study of signals will enable you to relate quickly.

Octagon: Stop signal
Triangle: Give way
Diamond: Used to denote hazards
Pennant: One must not pass the area.
Crossbuck: Railway crossing areas.
Circle: Advance of the railroad.
Pentagon: School crossing.
Vertical and Horizontal Rectangles: Regulatory or guiding signs

Different Regulatory Signs

	Stop Sign: Stop when you see this sign. Usually there will be line, if not stop near the sign. It is usually found before a crosswalk or an intersection so that you can check the traffic before moving forward.
	4-Way Stop: Stop from all four direction and the first vehicle to have reached the intersection will move forward. In case of two vehicles reached the intersection at the same time, the vehicle on the left will move forward.
	Yield: Stop and give the vehicle on the right-of-way to move ahead. You can move when the main lane is clear.
	Do Not Enter: It is a restriction from entering the road, mostly found at the opposite direction of a one-side Expressway. Quickly take the turn.
	Wrong Way: It’s a secondary warning to have entered the Expressway in the wrong direction. Do not go beyond. Stop and turn around.
	No Passing: You are not allowed to pass through that area.
	Pass with Care: You can pass but carefully.
	NO: It’s a 'No" symbol. It means you cannot do what ever the symbol holds.
	No U-Turn: You cannot take a full round turn.
	No Right-Turn: Turning towards the right is not allowed.
	Speed Limit: The speed should not go over the defined limit on the board.
	Speed Fines Doubled: It’s a warning that your speeding charges will be doubled if found speeding in the area. Usually used in areas with schools or work zones.
	Must Turn: Its an no option turn as you have to make either a right or a left turn.
	One Way: Traffic is allowed only in the direction of the arrow.
	Divided Highway Ahead: When a highway is broken into two and you have to keep moving towards the right side.
	No Turn on Red: Do not move to any direction on seeing the red signal and wait till the signal turns green.
	Must Turn: You can find left / right must turn signals. It is compulsory for the driver to take the turn accordingly.
	Turn Lanes: This allows for both compulsory left lane turn for those in left and straight ot slight curving of the left lane
	No-Turns: Turns in both sides are prevented.
	Center Turn Lane: Left turn is only allowed from both direction
	Begin Right Turn: You must give way to bicycles before taking the right.
	Exit Speed: The speed on the Expressway exit ramp should not cross the one mentioned on the sign.
	Slower Traffic Keep Right: Stay towards the right side of the road unless passing
	Restricted lane Ahead: There is a diamond spade inside it. The black color is because it is a warning signal and this one denotes that only certain vehicles can pass through.
	Emergency Stopping Only: It is not allowed to stop unless an emergency
	No Parking on Pavement: Park the vehicle away from the pavement.
	Parking by Disabled Permit Only: Parking space allotted for disabled people only.

Warning Signs

Below are some signs that denote hazards and such signs have to treated as warning

	Reduction of lane: it shows that the right lane is over and must join with the left.
	Divided Highway: Shows that there is a median ahead and the driver should keep to the right.
	End of Divided Highway: The divided highway is coming to an end and you must keep left.
	Traffic Merging Point: Another traffic lane is joining the lane you are currently moving ok. Keep alert and give way if required.
	Pavement Ends: There is no pavement and there will only be normal gravel road ahead.
	Low Clearance: Taller vehicles are not allowed to enter the area. Only vehicles with height less than the limit mentioned on the sign board can enter the area.
	Slippery Surface: It is a warning to go slow and avoid sudden brakes to prevent slipping of the vehicle.
	Dip: Denotes a low area in the road and one should slow and check if the Dip is filled with water
	Bicycle Crossing: Warning for bicycle track crossing area.
	Pedestrian Crossing: Look out for people crossing the road. Slow down and check before moving.
	Animal Crossing: It will show the image of the animal which is likely to cross the area and is found in good numbers in the region. Use proper headlamp and drive slow during night or twilight time.
	Truck Crossing; Slow and look for trucks before moving.
	Narrow Bridge: The bridge becomes single lane in both directions in the coming area, pass through keeping to the lane.
	One lane bridge: Allows only movement in one direction. Wait and check for traffic in the opposite direction before moving.
	Soft Shoulder: Warning for a soft road. Stay on the pavement
	Right Curve: Warns of a right curve and proves helpful especially at night.
	Double Curve: Denotes two consecutive curves. Reduce the speed and do not overtake.
	Winding Road: Curvy road with several turns, lower the gear and ride slowly until you reach smooth roads.
	Cross Road: The upcoming highway has a road crossing across. Check from traffic at the junction.
	Side Road: A road joins the highway as shown in the warning sign. Look for vehicles and avoid speeding.
	Sharp Right Turn: Road is naturally turning to the right in a sharp curve. Look for vehicles and do not overtake.
	Hill: Get prepared to ride down a slop by lowering the gear for better control over speed.
	Special Speed Sign: The speed is denoted to show at what speed the curve can be taken.
	Reduce Speed: The vehicle speed should be lowered to the defined limit.
	Yield ahead: Slow and prepare for the yield to give way.
	Traffic Signal Ahead: Prepare to face the signal coming over.
	Stop Sign Ahead: Reduce the speed and check for the stop signal to stop vehicle.
	Two-Way traffic: used at an area where one way splits into two way traffic.
	Roundabout: Slow down and prepare to enter the roundabout.